Indlela i-Industrial Defoaming Esisebenza Ngayo Ngokwenene: Ukusuka KwiThiyori Ukuya KwiZenzo

Ifoam idala iingxaki ezinkulu kwiinkqubo zemizi-mveliso. Ibangela ukungagugi kwiicoating zangaphezulu kwaye yenza ukuzaliswa kwezikhongozeli kungasebenzi kakuhle. Abavelisi badinga i-defoaming – inkqubo ebaluleke kakhulu enciphisa kwaye ithintele ukubunjwa kwefoam kwiilayikidi zemizi-mveliso ukuze kugcinwe umgangatho wemveliso kwaye kuphuculwe ukusebenza.

Izongezo zekhemikhali ezaziwa njengezithomalalisi zokubila zinceda ukunqanda ibubile elingafunekiyo. Ezi zithomalalisi zisebenza ngeendlela ezintathu: ukukhulula amanzi, ukwelula/ukudibanisa, kunye nokuphazamisa ukuzinza. Izithibazi-mbumbulu ezidumileyo ziquka iioyile ezinganyibilikiyo, iipolidayimayilsilokhene, iialkhoholi ezithile, iisteyareyithi, kunye neeglikholi. Isithibazi-mbumbulu ngasinye sidinga ukulungiswa ngononophelo ukuze sihambelane nenkqubo esiyilungisayo.

Esi sinqamlelo siza kukunceda uqonde isayensi yokuvela kwefowuni nendlela ezisebenza ngayo izinto ezahlukeneyo ezithomalalisa ifowuni. Uza kufumana isikhokelo esisebenzisekayo sokukhetha isisombululo esifanelekileyo kwiingxaki zakho zemizi-mveliso. Oku kuqulathweyo kuza kukunika ulwazi olubalulekileyo malunga nokuthomalalisa ifowuni okusebenzayo, nokuba ujongene neengxaki zefowuni eziqhubekayo okanye ufuna ukufunda ithiyori engundoqo.

Ukuqonda ukuvela kwefowuni kwiinkqubo zemizi-mveliso

Ukucima amafu eziqholo kumashishini kufuna ukuqonda indlela amafu aqala ngayo kwaye ahlala ngayo. Inkqubo yamafu asasaza iibhubhule zegesi kwisigaba esilulwelo kwaye ihlala ingazinzanga ngokwe-thermodynamics. La mafuku abonisa ukuzingisa okumangalisayo kusetyenziso lwamashishini.

Indima yee-surfactants ekuzinziseni ingqukuva

Izinto ezisebenza kumphezulu (ii-surfactants) zibaluleke kakhulu ekwenzeni intsiba nasekuzinzeni kwayo. Ezi molekyuli ze-amphiphilic zinezixhobo zombini ezithanda amanzi nezingazithandi amanzi ezizivumela ukuba zibambelele kumphezulu ophakathi kwegesi nolwelo. Iisurfactant ziyasasazeka kwizisombululo zize zifikelele kumdibaniso phakathi kwezihlunu ezisakhiweyo kunye nolwelo. Zenza amaqamza ngokunciphisa uxinzelelo lomdibaniso kwaye zithintela amaqamza ukuba angadibani phambi kokuba azinziswe.

Iisurfactants zifikelela ekubunjweni kwebhubhuni okuphezulu kakhulu kumanqanaba aphakathi okuxinana. I-surfactant inokuguqula ukububula okufanayo ibe yibhubhuni eneeseli, kwaye ubungakanani bebhubhuni buxhomekeke kwinani likaReynolds le-orifice. Umphezulu uba Ochwayithayo, nto leyo enceda amaqamza ukuba akwazi ukumelana nokuguqulwa nokuxinzelelwa ngokwenziwa.

Isakhiwo se-lamella ye-foam nomda we-plateau

Izinto ezininzi ezakhiweyo zenza ifowum. Amacwecwe Zizilayi ezibhityileyo zolwelo ezahlula amaqamza egesi. Iilamela ezintathu zidibana ukwenza imijelo ebizwa ngokuba Imida yeplato, ezidibana kwiincam nge-engile eyi-109.5°. Ifoam itshintsha isuka ekubeni “manzi” iye ekubeni “omile” njengoko ulwelo lusuka kwiindonga zeqamza luye kwezi mida zikaPlateau. Oku kwenza amaqamza abe nemacala amaninzi ngakumbi kwezi mida.

Isakhiwo seeseli zefowuni—ubungakanani, ubukhulu bodonga, kunye nobuxinano—sichaphazela ubuxinano bayo obubonakalayo kunye nozinzo lwayo. Ixabiso eliyingxenye yefowuni eliyilulwelo limisela iimpawu ezininzi zomzimba.

Impembelelo kaGibbs-Marangoni ekuzinzeni kwefowuni

I- Iphendlo likaGibbs-Marangoni Isebenza njengendlela engundoqo yokuzinza. Iigradiyenti zoxinzelelo lomphezulu zenzeka xa ilamela ityhala okanye iphazanyiswa, nto leyo enciphisa umlinganiselo we-surfactant kuloo ndawo. Ezi gradiyenti zidala ukuhamba okuthe tye okwabela ngokutsha i-surfactant kulo lonke ifilimu.

Le nkqubo yokuziphilisa isebenza ngendlela ethile. Amandla asetyenzisiweyo enza iindawo ezibhityileyo kumphezulu weebhubhu, nto leyo eyandisa indawo yomphezulu ngelixa inciphisa ukuxinana kwe-surfactant. Utshintsho lwamanqanaba oxinzelelo lutsalela ii-surfactants kwiindawo ezibhityileyo kwaye luzise iileya zeliquid ezingaphantsi ukuze zibuyisele ifilimu. Iilquid ezicocekileyo azivutheli kuba le nkqubo ifuna ii-surfactants.

Ipharamitha kaGibbs-Marangoni ilinganisa umlinganiselo phakathi kwezinga lokushukuma elithambekileyo nelingqalileyo. Amaxabiso aphezulu akhokelela kutshintsho olukhulu kuxinzelelo lomphezulu, nto leyo eyandisa ukwabiwa ngokutsha kwe-surfactant kwaye inciphise amathuba okudilika kwesihlakala.

Iindlela Ezisemqoka Ezisebenza Kwiizithambisi Zokuphelisa Ukubila

Izinto ezithomalalisa isixhobo zisebenza ngeendlela ezintsonkothileyo zomzimba nezekhemikhali ukulwa uzinzo lwesixhobo. Abavelisi bomxube kufuneka baqonde ezi nkqubo ukuze bakhethe izinto ezifanelekileyo ezisebenza kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo.

Indlela yokuzikhupha kunye ne-engile yoqhagamshelwano engaphezulu kwe-90°

Indlela yokuhoxa kwamanzi (dewetting mechanism) yimigaqo engundoqo kwisayensi yokuphelisa amafu. Le ndlela ifuna i-engile yokudibana phakathi kwento yokuphelisa amafu kunye nolwelo olwenza amafu ibe ngaphezulu kwe-90° xa ilinganiswe kwisigaba samanzi. Ulwelo olwenza amafu alukwazi ukunamathisela kumphezulu wento yokuphelisa amafu kule engile ibalulekileyo. Oku kudala iimeko ezifanelekileyo zokutshabalalisa isithambeke. Iiphotoni ezineencam ezibukhali ezingathandi manzi zenza le nkqubo ibe lula. Zityhoboza ifilimu yesithambeke zize zenze “ibhulorho” kuyo. Ulwelo ke lutsalela umva kumphezulu wephotoni luze lwaphule ifilimu kumgca wokudibana kwezigaba ezithathu.

Ukuphazamiseka kokwandeka-ukudibanisa kunye nokuhamba kweMarangoni

Amathontsi e-defoamer aqala atyhoboze aze adibanise i-lamella yefoam kwindlela yokudibanisa nokutsalwa. La mabhulorho aba ziindawo ezibuthathaka kwisakhiwo sefoam. Ithontsi le-defoamer elidibanisileyo liyiba yeyona ndawo isesichengeni se-lamella. Nkqu namandla amancinci okutsalwa ethontsini le-defoamer anokubangela ukuba liqhekeke. Ngaphezu koko, izicimi-mbumbulu zivala isenzo sikaMarangoni—indlela yokuziphilisa egcina imbumbulu izinzile. Isicimi-mbumbulu esisasazeka kumphezulu we-lamella sidala umahluko woxinzelelo lomphezulu. Lo mahluko ulwa nokuhamba kwendalo kweMarangoni kwembumbulu. Lo msinga uchasiwoyo wenza i-lamella ibe bhadadala kufutshane nethontsi le-defoamer kwaye woyisa ngakumbi isakhiwo se-foam.

Ukuphazamiseka kozinzo ngokunamatheliswa kwe-surfactant

Ezinye izicimi-mbumbulu zitshintsha indlela iisurfactants ezisasazeka ngayo kwinkqubo yembubulu. Iimolekyuli zezicimi-mbumbulu zithatha indawo yokudibana kwegesi nolwelo ngokufunxwa okukhuphisanayo. Oku kudiliza iisurfactants ezibangela imibumbulu. Ngaphezu koko, ezinye izicimi-mbumbulu ziyakwazi ukunyibilikisa isurfactant ebangela imibumbulu. Oku kunciphisa ukuxinana kwayo kwaye kwenze iindonga zeembumbulu zibe buthathaka. Le nkqubo inciphisa ukunwebeka komphandle wefilimu yomphunga—ipropathi ebaluleke kakhulu ukuzinza komphunga. Iifilimu zomphunga zophuka lula phantsi koxinzelelo lomatshini xa zingenalo ukunwebeka okwaneleyo.

Iikhowutiyu zokungena nokusasazeka zichazwe

Izinto ezimbini eziphambili zimisela ukuba izicimi-mbumbulu zokhilizi zisebenza kangakanani na: i-coefficient yokungena (E) kunye ne-coefficient yokusasazeka (S). I-coefficient yokungena ibonisa ukuba ingaba ithontsi lesicimi-mbumbulu lingangena kwi-lamella yembubulwana. Oku kufuna i-E > 0 ukuze kusebenze. I-coefficient yokusasazeka ilawula ukuba isicimi-mbumbulu sisasazeka kangakanani na kumphezulu wefilimu xa sele singaphakathi. Oku kufuna i-S > 0 ukuze kusebenze kakuhle. Zombini ezi coefficient zivela kwiintension zokudibana phakathi kwezigaba ezithathu: ulwelo olufuneka luthintelwe ukububula, i-defoamer, nomoya. Ukuqulunqwa ngononophelo kunceda ii-defoamer zifikelele kwixabiso eliphezulu kwezi coefficient. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba zisebenza kakuhle kusetyenziso lomhlaba.

Iindidi zee-arhente zokucutha amafu ezoshishino kunye neendlela zazo zokusetyenziswa

Izithambisi zokuthintela amafu ezimbonini ziyafumaneka ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokwenziwa ezijolise kwiingxaki ezithile zokububula kumashishini azo zonke iisayizi. Izinto ezininzi ziyalawula ukukhetha isithambisi esifanelekileyo sokuthintela amafu, ezifana nohlobo lwamafu, iimeko zokuqhuba umsebenzi, kunye neemfuno zemveliso egqityiweyo.

Isithinteli-mbumbulu esisekelwe kwisilicone seenkqubo ezisebenza kakhulu

Izithibazi-mbumbulu zesilicone ziipolymer ezinemiqolo yesilicone ezenziwa ngabavelisi njengezithwali ze-oyile okanye iimulsion ezisekelwe emanzini. Ezi zinto zinamandla zine-silica engathandi manzi kwi-oyile yesilicone edityaniswe nezixubi-manzi ezisasazeka ngokukhawuleza kwizinto ezibubulayo. Zisebenza kakuhle kakhulu ekupheliseni ifuuma engaphezulu nasekukhululeni umoya obanjisiweyo, nto leyo ezenza zilungele iinkqubo ezingekho manzi njengokuqhutywa kwe-oyile ekrwada. Iifektri zokuqhuba ukutya zisebenzisa ezi zithomalalisi zefuuma kuba zihlala zizinzile phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo kwaye ziza neemixube ekhethekileyo yomgangatho wokutya. Ukuze kwayo okonga imali kubonakala kumlinganiselo ophakathi kwe-1-200 ppm.

Isisusi sobububujisisi se-oyile esinezongezo ze-wax okanye ze-silica

Iifomulasheni ezisekelwe kwi-oyile zisebenzisa izithwali ezifana ne-oyile yeminerali, i-oyile emhlophe, okanye i-oyile yemifuno ezihlala zahlukene nesixhobo esivuthayo. Ezi defoamer zomeleleyo zixuba iwax ezingathandi manzi (i-ethylene bis stearamide, iiparaffins, ii-fatty alcohols) okanye i-silica engathandi manzi ukuze zisebenze ngcono. Umphumo odityanisiweyo wamaqhekeza angangenwa ngamanzi kunye ne-oyile udala “i-pin-effect” engena nzulu kwaye yonakalise ngokukhawuleza. Iifektri zokulungisa iphepha, amaziko okulungisa amanzi amdaka, kunye nabavelisi bezigqubuthelo bafumanisa ukuba ezi defoamer ze-oyile ziluncedo kakhulu ekususeni isicaphucaphu esingaphezulu.

Isithomalalisi-mbane esisekelwe emanzini sokukhulula umoya obambekileyo

Iifomulasini ezisekelwe emanzini zixuba iioyile ezahlukeneyo neewaxes kwiziphathi zamanzi. Ezi defoamers zisebenza ikakhulu njengezikhuphi-moya ngokukhulula umoya obanjisiweyo endaweni yokujolisa kwinkungu engaphezulu. Ziqulathe iioyile zeminerali okanye zezityalo kunye ne-long-chain fatty alcohols, iisepha ze-fatty acid, okanye ii-esters. Abasebenzisi bayayixabisa indlela yayo ecocekileyo eshiya intsalela encinci kwaye ihlanjululwa lula. I-emulsion isenokungazinzi kwiimeko ze-pH ezigqithisileyo okanye kumanqanaba aphezulu e-electrolyte.

I-powder yokuthintela ukubila kwi-samente nakwiisepha

Iipowuda ezithomalalisa amafu omoya zisebenza njengeefomulasheni ezisekelwe kwi-oyile kodwa zisebenzisa iziphathi zezinto eziyizicucu ezifana nesilika. Ezi zithomalalisi ziqala ukusebenza xa zifumile kwaye zisebenza kakuhle kwiinkqubo ezomileyo ezifana nesamente, iplasita, kunye neesepha. I-XIAMETER APW-4248, i-antifoam engumgubo onesilicone, isebenza ngokugqwesileyo kwiisepha zokuhlamba iimpahla ezingumgubo nokuba isetyenziswe kancinci, ingalahlekelwa kukusebenza kwayo ngexesha lokugcinwa. Abavelisi banokuxuba lula ezi ntsokhwana zihamba lula ngokuxuba okomileyo, kwaye zihlala zisebenza kakuhle ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-surfactant, amanqanaba e-pH, kunye namaqondo obushushu okuhlamba.

Izinciphisi-mpuphu ezisekelwe kwi-glycol nakwi-EO/PO copolymer

Ii-defoamer ze-copolymer ze-EO/PO (ethylene oxide/propylene oxide) ziza njenge-oli, izisombululo zamanzi, okanye ii-emulsion. Zisombulula iingxaki zokugcwala ngenxa yeempawu zazo ezigqwesileyo zokusasaza. I-DOWFAX DF-117, i-polyglycol esebenzayo ye-100%, ilawula intshula ngokufanelekileyo ekukhuhleni imifuno, kwi-fermentation, kulungiso lwephepha, nakwizixhobo zokwakha. I-cloud point kunye neqondo lobushushu lokusetyenziswa zichaphazela indlela i-copolymer ze-EO/PO ezisebenza ngayo njengezithomalalisi zembubholo—abavelisi bomxube kufuneka bakhethe iimveliso ezine-cloud point engaphantsi kweqondo lobushushu elijolisiweyo lokusetyenziswa. Ezi zithomalalisi zembubholo zinika ulawulo olulingeneyo lwembubholo kunye namandla angcono okufumba kunye nesalela esincinci kunezinye ezisekelwe kwisilicone.

Uvavanyo, Uphuculo, kunye neMiqobo yokuSetyenziswa

Ukukhetha isisombululo esifanelekileyo sokuphelisa amafuma kufuna uvavanyo olucokisekileyo kunye nokujonga izinto ezininzi eziguquguqukayo. Impumelelo yakho ixhomekeke ekubeni ulazi kangakanani na zombini isixhobo sokuphelisa amafuma kunye nenkqubo ofuna ukuyinyanga.

Iindlela zovavanyo lobude bephunga nokuhamba kwamanzi

Uvavanyo lolawulo lwefowuni lusebenza kakuhle kakhulu ngeenkqubo eziqhelekileyo. Indlela yeRoss-Miles ihlola indlela ifowuni eyenzeka ngayo kwaye ihlalaizinzile ngokulinganisa ubude bekholam yefowuni. Uhlalutyo lwefowuni olusebenzayo lulandelela indlela ulwelo oluphuma ngayo, utshintsho kubude befowuni, kunye notshintsho kubungakanani bamaqamza. Olu tshintsho lubonisa ukuba ifowuni izinzile kangakanani na. Uvavanyo lokuphuma kwefowuni lusixelela lukhulu ngesakhiwo sefowuni. Lupima ukuba ubude bolwelo buyenyuka kangakanani na njengoko ifowuni iqhekeka.

Ukupima umoya ongenisiweyo kusetyenziswa iimitha zoxinano

Uvavanyo lomoya olukwimixube yetsimbi lubaluleke kakhulu ukuthintela iziphene ezingaphezulu kunye nokwahlukana kwezinto ezakhiweyo kwitsimbi nakwizixhobo zokwakha. Iindlela zoxinzelelo zinika iziphumo ezikhawulezayo nezithembekileyo kwimixube yetsimbi enobunzima obuqhelekileyo ngokusebenzisa iimitha zomoya ezikhupha umoya oxinzelelweyo kwigumbi lentsimbi. Ungasebenzisa kwakhona iindlela ze-volumetric kunye nee-roll-a-meters. Ezi zikhupha izikhewu zomoya kumxube nge-isopropyl alcohol. Umahluko kumanqanaba elulwelo ubonisa umthamo womoya.

Iingxaki zokungahambelani kwe-pH nobushushu

Utshintsho lobushushu lunokuchaphazela kakhulu indlela ezisebenza ngayo izinciphisi-nkunkuma ngokutshintsha imeko yazo yokusasazeka kunye neempawu zomphezulu. Uninzi lwezinciphisi-nkunkuma azikwazi ukumelana nobushushu obuphezulu kwaye ziyaphela xa inkqubo ishushu kakhulu. Izinga le-pH lelinye icandelo elibalulekileyo – ezinye ii-defoamers ezisebenza kakuhle kwiimeko ezingathambekanga (neutral) zisonakala ngokukhawuleza kwiimeko ezin-asidi kakhulu okanye ezin-alkaline. Yiyo loo nto ukukhetha ii-defoamers ezifanelekileyo kwi-pH kwenza umahluko omkhulu.

Uzinzo lomxube neenkxalabo malunga nobomi beshelufu

Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zezithomalalisi zeqhwa zihlala ixesha elahlukileyo. Ezo zisekelwe kwisilicone zihlala zisebenza kakuhle kangangeenyanga ezili-12 ukuya kwezili-24, ngelixa iintlobo ezisekelwe kwi-oyile nakumanzi zisebenza kakuhle kangangeenyanga ezi-6 ukuya kwezili-12. Iimeko zokugcina zenza umahluko omkhulu kwixesha elithatha zihlale zisebenza. Gcina ii-defoamers kwiindawo ezipholileyo, ezomileyo, kude nokukhanya kwelanga nobushushu. Ngaphezu koko, kunceda ukusebenzisa izikhongozeli ezitshixiweyo ukuze umoya nomswakama bangakhawulezisi ukonakala kwazo.

Ukukhetha i-defoamer efanelekileyo yenkqubo yakho

Eyona ndlela ikhawulezayo yokukhetha i-defoamer iqala ngokwazi ingxaki yakho ethile ye-foam. Jonga i-pH yecandelo lakho, ubushushu bokusebenza, ukuqina, imvelaphi yayo yekhemikhali, kunye nendlela i-foam eyenziwa ngayo. Ukufumana ulungelelwaniso lokuhambelana kulungile kubalulekile – i-defoamer yakho kufuneka inganyibiliki ngokwaneleyo ukuze ihlale iingqameko ezisasazekileyo kumdibaniso wamanzi nomoya, kodwa ikwafanele ukuba ixubane ngokwaneleyo ukuze isasazeke ngaphandle kokubangela iingxaki. Uzinzo lokuxinaniswa lwaba yinto ebaluleke ngakumbi kwiinkqubo ezisebenzisa iimpompo, izixhobo zokuxuba ezihamba ngesantya esiphezulu, okanye iinozili zokutshiza.

Isiphelo

Ulawulo lwefom yinto ebaluleke kakhulu enceda ukwenza iinkqubo zihambe kakuhle nokuphucula umgangatho wemveliso kwiindawo zemizi-mveliso. Kulo mxholo, siye sajonga isayensi entsonkothileyo esemva kokuvela kwefom, ingakumbi indlela iisurfactants ezizinzisa ngayo iibhubhu ngempembelelo yeGibbs-Marangoni. Ungakwazi ukukhetha nokusebenzisa isicoci esicima ifom ngcono ngokuqonda ezi ndlela zisisiseko zokusebenza.

Iindlela zokuthintela ukubila – i-dewetting, i-bridging-stretching, kunye ne-destabilization – zisebenza kunye ukunqanda ukubila kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo okuvela kwako. Indlela nganye ijolise kwiimpawu ezithile zokubila, nto leyo eyenza ukukhetha isithinteli-bila kube yinkqubo efuna ubuchule obuphezulu, hayi uqikelelo nje.

Iimeko ezahlukeneyo zemizi-mveliso zifuna nje iindlela ezenzelwe zona. Izithibazifuthe ezisekelwe kwisilicone zisebenza kakuhle kuzo zonke iintlobo zokusetyenziswa, ngelixa iifomulasheni ezisekelwe kwi-oyile zigqwesa ekupheliseni ifuthe elingaphezulu. Iinketho ezisekelwe emanzini zikunika ukukhululwa komoya okugqwesileyo kunye nesalathana esincinci. Izithibazifuthe ezingumgubo zisebenza kakuhle kusetyenziso lwesamente nesepha yokuhlamba, kwaye iinketho ezisekelwe kwi-glycol zilungelelanisa ukuthibaza ifuthe okulingeneyo namandla angcono okuthambisa.

Kufuneka uvavanye ngokucokisekileyo phambi kokuba usebenzise nasiphi na isisombululo sokulawula ifoam. Ukuphakama kwefoam, iimvavanyo zokuhamba kwamanzi, kunye nemilinganiselo yomoya ofakweyo zinika idatha exabisekileyo malunga nokusebenza kwe-defoamer. Ukuvakala kwe-pH, uzinzo lwamaqondo obushushu, kunye nexesha lokugcinwa kuchaphazela kakhulu ukusebenza kwayo ebomini bokwenyani.

Inzululwazi yokucima amafu ehlala isaphuhla njengoko iinkqubo zemizi-mveliso zisiba nzima ngakumbi. Abavelisi bemixube kufuneka balungelelanise ukungangqinelani nokunganyibiliki xa besenza izisombululo ezitsha. Isicimi-fu esisebenza ngokugqibeleleyo kwisicelo esinye sinokubangela iingxaki ezinkulu kwesinye.

Impumelelo yakho ixhomekeke ekufumaneni isicoci esichasene neembubhulu esifanelekileyo kwiimeko ezithile zenkqubo. Kufuneka ucinge ngezalathisi zokusebenza, ukusebenzisana kweekhemikhali, kunye neemfuno zokusebenza. Izicoci ezichasene neembubhulu ezifanelekileyo zinokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo, zinciphise iimpazamo, kwaye zonyuse umgangatho wemveliso kumashishini azo zonke iintlobo.