Me pēhea te mahi a te kaiwhakakore pūpū: te wetewete i te pūtaiao o te whakahaere pūpū

Ko te kohi kohu i roto i ngā tukanga ahumahi e waihanga ana i ngā raruraru nui. Ka taea e ia te whakangaromia o ngā mīhini, te whakaputa i te taumata pūmau hua kāore i te ōrite, me te whakararu i ngā tukanga wehe hira. Engari, nā te pikinga ake o ngā matū whakakore kohu, kua hurihia ngā whakahaere ahumahi mā te whakahaere pai i ngā kohu kāore e hiahiatia ana. I tīmata te ahumahi ki ngā rongoā māmā pērā i te kerosene me ngā hinu huawhenua hei matū whakahaere kohu, ā, kua tino whakapai ake ēnei tāpiritanga hira mai i taua wā.

He tino whai hua ngā kai whakakore pūpū hou, otirā ko ngā whakahiotanga hangā-silicone, i roto i ngā momo tono maha. Ka whakakotahi ēnei matū motuhake i ngā āhuatanga ahurei e whai ana kia pai ake ai i ngā kōwhiringa organika tuku iho. Ka aukati rātou i te wera, ka noho pūmau ā-matū, ā, he iti ake te pūngatete mata. He whakamīharo te pūtaiao kei muri i ēnei tāpiritanga ahumahi nui – mai i te āhua e pakaru ai rātou i te pūpū kia kore ai e hanga. Ka kitea tō rātou pānga puta noa i ngā mahi tukatuka kai, te maimoatanga wai, tae atu ki te hanga matū.

Te Pūtaiao kei muri i te hanga pūpū

Kei ngā wāhi katoa e karapoti ana i a tātou ngā pūnaha kōlōidai matatini e kīia ana ko ngā pahū. Ka horapa ngā pūpū hau puta noa i te wāhanga wai hei waihanga i ēnei hanganga whakamīharo. Ka ako ngā kairangahau mō te hanganga pahū mā te rangahau i ngā tikanga e whakahaere ana i te āhua o te hanga pūpū me tō rātou noho pumau.

He pūnaha pahū e kore e taurite ā-thermodynamics i tōna pūtake. Hei waihanga i tētahi pahū, me whakapau pūngao kia whānui ake te mata—arā, 4γRb² (kei reira ko γ te āwangawanga mata, ko Rb te raupapa o te pahū). Kāore e taea e te wai mā te pupuri i te pahū māna anake nā tēnei hiahia pūngao. Me heke iho te āwangawanga mata mēnā ka tāpirihia ētahi atu wāhanga.

Ko ngā matū whakaiti-pangapanga ngā kaitākaro matua i konei. He upoko aro-wai ā ēnei pūtau motuhake, ā, he hope parewai ā rātou e titiro ana ki waho o te wai. Ka kohikohi rātou ki ngā rohe pāhekoheko hau-wai, ā, ka whakaiti i te manawaroa mata. Nā reira, ka tino heke te pūngao e hiahiatia ana hei waihanga pahū, ahakoa kāore tonu te tukanga e tupu noa iho.

Ka āwhina ēnei matū whakaiti-ngaru ki te pupuri i te pūngāwerewere kia pumau i ngā huarahi maha:

• Ka waihanga rātou i ngā mata e taea ana te whakawhānui, kāore e pakaru.
• Ka hanga rātou i te pēhanga e whawhai ana ki te rerenga wai.
• Ka aukati rātou i te haere o te hau i waenga i ngā pupū.

He hanganga ā-tinana whakamīharo tō te pūwha. Ko te pūwha maku taketake he pūpū porowhita, ā, he nui te wai kei waenganui i a rātou. Ka rere te wai, ka huri hei pūwha maroke, ā, ka hono ngā pūpū maha-ahua mā ngā papa angiangi.

Ko te rerenga wai he wero nui ki te pumau o te pahū. Ka kukumea e te taumaha o te whenua te wai ki raro i roto i ngā ara rerenga wai e tutaki ai ngā pūpū (ngā rohe o Plateau). Ka kukume hoki ngā kaha kapihana i te wai mai i ngā kiriata angiangi ki roto i ēnei rohe.

Ehara i ngā matū whakaiti-ngaru anake e whakatau ana i te pumau o te pahū:

• Ka whakarerekē te pāmahana i te āhua o te rewa o te hau me te hanga o te pahū.
• Ka waihanga ngā tikanga whakaranu rerekē i ngā rahi pupū rerekē.
• Ka pā te matotoru o te wai ki te tere o tōna rerenga.

Ka whakamahi ngā kairangahau matū ahumahi i tēnei mōhiotanga pūtaiao hei whakawhanake huarahi tere ki te pakaru i te pahū. Ka arotahi rātou ki ngā tikanga motuhake e whakakaha ana i te pumau o te pahū.

Me pēhea te kaiwhakakore pahū e whakararu ai i te pumau o te pahū

Ka pakaru ngā kai whakakore pūpū i ngā hanganga pūpū mā ngā tikanga ā-tinana me ngā tikanga matū motuhake. He rerekē te mahi a ēnei kai whakakore pūpū i ngā matū whakapūpū e whakakaha ana i ngā pūpū mā te whakaiti i te pūngao mata. Ka pakaru rātou i ngā kaha ngohe e pupuri ana i te pūpū kia mau tonu.

Ko te angitū o tētahi kaiwhakakore pahū e whakawhirinaki ana ki tōna “taumata urunga” – arā, ki tōna kaha ki te tae ki te mata o te pahū. Ko ngā kaiwhakakore pahū tino whaihua ka whakangaro katoa i te pahū i roto i te kotahi meneti. Ka arotahi rātou ki ngā kiriata angiangi i waenga i ngā pahū i te tīmatanga tonu o te whakangāwari. Ka puta tēnei whakangaro tere mā ngā pūnaha hono:

Me noho kore-whakawhāngai ngā kai whakakore pahū pai rawa atu i roto i te taiao pahū. Me whai āhuatanga mahi mata rātou kia tere ai te horapa ki ngā mata o te pahū. Ka waihanga te kai whakakore pahū whai hua i te kore pumau mā te kuhu ki te atanga hau-wai. Me whai tau tohu kuhu pai te kai whakakore pahū kia tutuki ai tēnei kuhu.

Ka pakaru ngā kaiwhakakore pahū hou i te pahū mā ēnei tikanga matua:

Whakawhiti-WhakawāteaKo ngā ngota kāore e rata ki te wai i roto i te kai whakakore puehu e hanga ana i tētahi piriti ki runga i te kiriata puehu. Ka pakaru te ngota i te kiriata i te wā e pa ana, mēnā he tino kāore e rata ki te wai (kokonga pa > 90°). He tino whai hua tēnei tikanga ina whakakotahitia e ngā kaihanga ngā ngota kāore e rata ki te wai me ngā hinu kaikawe.

Whakawhānui WhakawhitiKa waihanga te kaiwhakakore pūpū i tētahi piriti kore pumau i runga i te lamela. Ka whānui haere tēnei piriti kia pakaru ai i tōna wāhanga tino angiangi. Me noho pai te tau tohu piriti (B) kia mahi ai tēnei.

Paanga WhakapāpāNgā kaiwhakakore pūrepo ā-mata he iti te kaha ā-mata, ka horapa ki runga i ngā mata pūrepo. Ka pana atu i ngā matū whakawhāiti-mata, ā, ka whaiti i te kiriata wai kia pakaru.

Ko ngā kaiwhakakore pūpū silikoni organika e tū ana hei kōwhiringa ahumahi tino whaihua. Ka whakaatu rātou i ngā reiti whakaiti pūpū neke atu i te 98% i te whakamahinga roa. Nā te whakakotahitanga o ngā tikanga whakakore pūpū maha i te wā kotahi i puta ai tō rātou angitū. Ka tutuki tēnei e ngā kaihanga mā te whakaranu āta i ngā ngota pakeke kore-wai, he pito mārō, ki roto i ngā wāhanga wai. Ka horapa pai ēnei wai, ā, ka pupuri i te pūngāwerewere mata iti.

Ko ngā kai whakakore pahū hangai ki te silicon e tino pai ana ki te tango i te pahū mata, ā, ka tuku i te hau kua mau. Nā konei, he kōwhiringa whaihua ēnei mō ngā umanga o ngā momo katoa.

Kohinga matū o ngā kai whakakore pūpū o nāianei

Kei te rerekē te hanganga matū o ngā kai whakakore pahū hou i runga i ā rātou whakamahinga motuhake me ā rātou āhuatanga. Me tiro tata tātou ki tō rātou hanganga kia mārama ai tātou me pēhea rātou e mahi ai ki te aukati i te pahū i ngā horopaki rerekē.

Ko te kaiwhakakore puehu hangā ki te silicone e nuinga ana he polymera polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) kua whakaranu ki ngā ngota silica korewai. He tino whai hua ēnei whakaranu nā te mea mā tō rātou pūngāwari mata iti ka tere ake te horapa ki ngā mata puehu, ā, ka pakaru i te kiriata. Ka noho pumau ngā pūhui silicone, ā, ka mahi pai tonu ahakoa ngā pāmahana tino tiketike, tino iti rānei me ngā āhuatanga pH.

He iti ake te utu o ngā kai whakakore pūkahuka hinu kohuke i ērā atu momo. Kei roto i a rātou he hinu kohuke aliphatic 85–95% me ngā ngota hydrophobic 1–3%. Ka āwhina ngā kai whakakotahi ki te tohatoha i ngā ngota i roto i te hinu, ā, ki te whakauru ki ngā whakahiotanga paninga. Ināianei, ka whakamahi ngā putanga hou i ngā kaiemulsifier kore-APEO e tutuki ana i ngā paerewa hauora. He maha ngā momo kounga-nui e whakauru ana i ngā polysiloxane kua whakarerekētia hei whakapai ake i ngā pānga whakakore pūrepo aunoa.

He kaiwhakakore pūhuki hinu-tūturu kāore he silikoni, e whakamahi ana i te hinu kohuke, te hinu otaota, me ētahi atu hinu kāore e rewa hei kaikawe, ā, ko ēnei hinu te 90% o te ranunga. Ka neke ēnei hinu i ngā kai hāparangi hāparapara ki ngā paparanga takirua o te matū whakawhāiti-wai, e pupuri ana i ngā pūhuki kia pumau. Ko te tāpiri wāka pērā i te ethylene bis stearamide, ngā wāka parafini, me ngā wāka waipiro momona hei whakapai ake i tō rātou mahi.

Ko ngā whakahiotanga i runga i te wai e whakaranu ana i ngā hinu me ngā parai ki roto i ngā kaikawe wai. Ka whakakotahitia e rātou ngā hopi waikawa ngako, ngā waipiro ngako roa, me ngā ester ki ngā hinu kohuke, hinu otaota rānei. He pai ake ēnei kaiwhakakore pahū ki te tuku i te hau kua mau i roto i te pahū, i te whakakore i te pahū mata.

Ka whai hua ngā kai whakakore pūpū kopolimera EO/PO (etilēna okisīda/poripirīna okisīda) i roto i ngā pūnaha maha nā ō rātou āhuatanga ka taea te whakarite. Nā tō rātou āhuatanga pūpū iti me tō rātou rewa-iti i roto i te wai, ka whai hua rātou i ngā whakamahinga maha.

Ko ngā kaiwhakakore pahū pai rawa atu e whakatutuki ana i te taurite tino pai i waenga i te kore-whakamakuku me te kaha mahi mata. Ka whakakotahitia e rātou ngā ngota whakawhāiti-wai me ngā wai kaikawe e tere ana te horapa, ā, he iti te pūngāwerewere mata, kia pakaru ai ngā pahū i te huarahi whaihua.

Whakakapi

He wāhanga nui tō te kai whakakore pahū i roto i ngā tono ahumahi maha. Ka mahi ēnei wāhanga mā ngā mātāpono pūtaiao me ngā hanganga matū kua hoahoatia. Ka whakararu rātou i te pumau o te pahū mā ngā tikanga motuhake: te whakawhiti-whakawātea, te whakawhiti-whakawhānui, me ngā pānga whakawhānui.

Ko te kaiwhakakore pūkahuka hou he taputapu kaha i roto i ngā tukanga ahumahi. He mea nui ngā whakahiotanga i runga i te silicone, nā te mea ka whakaiti rātou i te pūkahuka ki te neke atu i te 98%. Ka puta tēnei mā te whakakotahitanga o ngā ngota kāore e rata ana ki te wai me ngā wai kaikawe motuhake. Ka whakatika pai ēnei whakahiotanga matatau i ngā pūkahuka mata me ngā raruraru hau mauhere.

Kei te whakapai tonu ngā kairangahau i ngā whakahiotanga whakakore puehu. Ka waihanga rātou i ngā rongoā motuhake mō ngā whakamahinga motuhake, ā, e aro nui ana ki te haumaru taiao me te whaihua whakahaere. E whakaatu ana tēnei ahunga whakamua tonu i tō rātou mōhiotanga hohonu ki ngā pūtaiao hanga puehu – mai i ngā āhuatanga o te pūmautanga mata ki ngā miihini hanganga pūpū.

E whakaatu ana te pūtaiao whakahaere pahū i te āhua e waihanga ai te mātauranga ariā i ngā rongoā whaihua hei whakapai ake i ngā tukanga ahumahi. Ka taea e ngā kaihanga te whakahaere i ngā wero e pā ana ki te pahū mā te kōwhiri me te whakamahi i ngā matū whakakore pahū e tika ana. Mā konei ka māmā ngā whakahaere i roto i ngā taiao tukatuka rerekē.

Ngā pātai auau

Q1. Me pēhea te mahi a te kai whakakore puehu hei whakahaere i te puehu? Ka mahi ngā kai whakakore puehu mā te whakararu i te pumau o ngā hanganga puehu. Ka uru rātou ki te atanga hau-wai, ā, ka waihanga i te kore pumau i roto i te kiriata puehu. Ka whakamahi ngā kai whakakore puehu hou i ngā tikanga pērā i te whakawhiti-whakawātea, te whakawhiti-whakawhānui, me ngā pānga whakawhānui hei pakaru i ngā pūpū puehu, ā, hei aukati i tō rātou hanganga.

Q2. He aha te rerekētanga i waenga i ngā kai whakakore pūpū me ngā matū aukati pūpū? Ahakoa e whakahaere ana rāua i te pahū, ko ngā matū aukati pahū hei aukati i te hanganga o te pahū, ko ngā matū whakakore pahū hei whakaiti i te pahū kua tū. Ka tāpirihia ngā matū aukati pahū i mua kia aukati i te whanaketanga o te pahū, ā, ka whakamahia ngā matū whakakore pahū ki te pakaru i te pahū kua tū.

Q3. He aha ngā momo matua o ngā kai whakakore pūpū e whakamahia ana i roto i te ahumahi? Ko ngā momo matua o ngā kaiwhakakore puehu ko ngā kaiwhakakore puehu hangā-silicone (e whai ana i ngā pūmua polydimethylsiloxane), ngā kaiwhakakore puehu hinu kohuke, ngā kaiwhakakore puehu hangā-hinu (kāore he silicone), ngā whakaritenga hangā-wai, me ngā kaiwhakakore puehu kopūmua EO/PO. Kua hangaia ia momo mō ngā whakamahinga motuhake i runga i āna āhuatanga ahurei.

Q4. He aha i kīia ai he tino whai hua ngā kai whakakore puehu hangā ki te silikoni? He tino whaihua ngā kai whakakore pahū hangā ki te silicone nā te iti o tō rātou pūhuki mata, ā, nā reira ka tere te horapa ki runga i ngā mata pahū. He tino aukati wera hoki, he pumau ki ngā matū, nō reira he pai mō ngā āhuatanga tino taumaha. Ka taea e ēnei kai whakakore pahū te whakakore i te pahū mata, me te tuku i te hau kua mau, ā, nā reira he whānui ā rātou whakamahinga ahumahi.

Q5. He aha ngā āhuatanga e whai wāhi ana ki te whaihua o tētahi kaiwhakakore pahūwai? Ko te whaihua o tētahi kaiwhakakore pahū e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā āhuatanga maha, tae atu ki tōna āhei ki te uru ki te mata o te pahū (te ārai urunga), tōna kore-whakarewatanga ki te wāhi pahū, ōna āhuatanga mahi mata hei tere whakawhānui, me te noho o ngā ngota kāore e rata ana ki te wai. Ko ngā kai whakakore pūwha tino whai hua ka whakakotahi i ngā tikanga maha i te wā kotahi, mā te whakarite āta i ngā ngota pakeke kore-wai e whakatōria ana i roto i ngā wāhanga wai, he pai te whakawhānuitanga, ā, he iti te pūngāwerewere mata.