Kaitāwahi Pūhū Wai: Ngā Toa Hāneanea mō te Taiao i te Pakanga ki te Pūhū

Kia ora, mēnā kua mahi koe i tētahi taiao ahumahi e huri ana te pahū i te whakahaere maeneene hei moemoeā pōrearea, kei te mōhio koe ki ngā tikanga. Hei kaumatua i te ao hanganga matū, kua neke atu i te rua tekau tau e aro ana ki ngā ārai pahū i runga i te wai, kua whakaranu au i ngā rongoā mō ngā tipu para wai me ngā wheketere kai. Ehara ēnei ārai pahū i te whetū o te whakaaturanga, engari ko rātou ngā kai tiaki kia kākāriki, kia whai hua hoki ngā mahi. Kua kite au i a rātou e whakaora ana i te rā i ngā wā maha, ā, ināianei e akiakihia ana e ngā ture kia whai kōwhiringa toitū ake. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka ārahi ahau i a koe ki te mōhio he aha ngā ārai-pūpū i runga i te wai, me pēhea rātou e whakakore ana i ngā pūpū, ngā painga me ngā ngoikoretanga, ngā whakamahinga tūturu, me ngā mea e whai ake nei. Mēnā e aukati ana te pūpū i āu mahi, tērā pea ka whai whakaaro koe ki ētahi whakaaro pakari hei whiriwhiri.

Tuatahi, kia mārama tātou ki tā tātou e kōrero nei. Ko ngā kaiwhakakore pūpū wai, e kīia ana ko ngā defoamer wai, he pūnaha whakahaere pūpū e ngaro ana, e tohatoha ana rānei i roto i te wai. Ehara i te pēnei i ngā momo hinu, i ngā momo silicone rānei; he mea hanga ēnei ki te wai hei kaikawe, ā, ka whakaranu ki ngā mea pērā i ngā waipiro momona, ngā polyglycol, ngā pūhui ester rānei. He maha ngā wā ka emulsifiedhia ēnei kia mau tonu ai te pumau, ā, i ētahi wā ka tāpirihia ngā surfactants, ngā polymer rānei hei whakapiki i te mahi. I aku rā tuatahi i te hanga pūhui, i tīmata au ki ngā whakakotahitanga māmā o te polyethylene glycol, engari ināianei kei te hanga mātou i ngā whakakotahitanga matatau e ngāwari ana te pakaru i te taiao, ā, he iti ngā VOC. Ko te mea matua? Kua hoahoatia kia pai ake ki te taiao, ka pakaru ā-taiao, kāore e waiho he toenga kino.

Ka puta te pūpū i ngā wāhi maha, ā, ehara i te mea whakararuraru noa iho—he tino whakararu. Ka puta tēnei ina mauhia te hau i roto i ngā wai, nā ngā matū e mahi ana ki te mata, pērā i ngā hopi, ngā pūmua, ngā matū rānei e whakaiti ana i te kaha o te mata i te rohe hononga. I roto i te wheketere peita, mā te whakaranu i ngā tae ka puta he pahū e kī ana i ngā ipu; i te hanga pia, mā te whakamahana ka puta he upoko pahū e aukati ana i ngā putorino. He tauira tūturu te maimoatanga wai para: mā te whakakī hau ka whāngai i ngā huakita, engari ka whakaoho i te pahū nā ngā horoi me ngā matū ā-ora, ā, ka puta he rerenga wai, he hekenga whakawhitinga hau, ā, he mōrearea haumaru hoki. Mēnā kāore he whakahaere, ka puta te wā kore mahi, ka piki ngā utu, ā, ka taea pea te whiunga. Ka whai hua ngā rongoā aukati pahū i runga i te wai mā te whāinga ki aua pahū, kāore he matū kino.

Me pēhea rā rātou e mahi ai i ā rātou makutu? He huinga mātau tēnei o te matū me te pūtaiao tinana. Ka tukuna ana, ka horapa ngā kaiwhakahohe ki ngā pakitara o ngā pūpū, ka pana i ngā kaiwhakakaha, ā, ka piki ake te pūmautanga mata kia kore ai e pumau ngā kiriata. Ka hono ngā pūpū—ka hono tahi—ka tipu nui ake, ka pahū, ka tukua te hau kia puta. Hei tauira, ka mahi ngā polyglycols hei “kai whakakore pūpū” mā te hono i ngā lamellae (ngā paparanga pūpū angiangi), ā, ka whakarato ngā waikawa ngako i te ārai wai kia pakaru ai. Ko tāku tino pai mō ēnei ā-wai, ko tō rātou whakauru tere; kāore he raruraru wehenga hinu. I ngā whakamātautau i whakahaerehia e au, he maha ngā wā ka nui ake tō rātou whaihua i ngā taiao iti-whakawhē, pērā i ngā ipu whakatōpū, i reira he mea nui te manawanui. Hei taapiri, nā te mea ka rewa ki te wai, he māmā ki te whakahaere—kāore he taputapu motuhake e hiahiatia.

Ko te painga nui i konei ko te pai ki te taiao. Nā ngā tari pērā i te EPA e whakakaha ana ki ngā poke mauroa, ka tū kaha ngā ārai-pūpū i runga i te wai, nā te mea he māmā te pakaru o ēnei i te taiao, ā, i ahu mai i ngā puna whakahou pērā i ngā huka otaota. He iti te paitini, nō reira he haumaru mō te pa ki ngā kai (pērā i ngā whakaaetanga a te FDA mō te tukatuka miraka, inu rānei) me ngā pūnaha taiao ngoikore. Te utu? He whakataetae, otirā mō te whakamahinga rahi, ā, kāore e hiahiatia kia whakarerekē nui te pH, te pāmahana rānei. Ka maumahara au ki tētahi kaupapa i tētahi wheketere miraka i te rohe Waenganui o Amerika: i aukatia te pasteurization e te pahū i ahu mai i ngā pūmua miraka. I huri mātou ki tētahi antifoam i hangaia ki runga i te polyglycol, ā, kāore i whakakore noa i te pahū, engari i tutuki hoki i ō rātou tiwhikete organika, i whakaiti i te para e 25%, ā, i mau tonu ki ngā paerewa katoa.

He kaha anō te kanorau whakamahinga. Ka puta ēnei kaiwhakatārai pūpū i roto i ngā kōpeketanga, ngā emulsion, tae noa ki ngā puehu mō te whakaranu maroke. Mō ngā kaihoroi tino alkali, ka ū ngā momo ester; i roto i ngā wai huarākau waikawa, ka ārai ngā momo waipiro i ngā kakara hē. He tino pai ēnei mō te papanga me te pepa, i reira e pakari ana te pūpū lignin, me ngā miro, hei whakahaere i ngā pūpū o te kaukau tae. Ki te whakatairite ki ngā silikoni, he toa wera ēnei, engari ka kohi ki roto i te tinana; he māmā ake ngā kōwhiringa wai ki te tuku para. He iti te utu o ngā hinu kohuke, engari he hinu rātou—ka karo i taua paru ngā kōwhiringa wai, ahakoa me nui ake pea ngā rahinga i te wera nui (ka mutu rātou i te 100–120°C).

Āe mārika, kāore he hua e tino tōtika ana. I ngā pūnaha tino hinu, kāore pea e hora pai mehemea kāore he tāpiritanga, ā, ka hua he whakahaere kāore i oti. He painga te āhei ki te pakaru mā te koiora, engari ka poto ake te roa rokiroki mēnā kāore i whakakaha. He nui rawa te rahinga? Ka āhei pea te pōuri o ngā hua mārama, pērā i ngā inu. Kua ako ahau ki te whakamātautau ā-tīmatanga i ngā wā katoa: tīmata i te 50–200 wāhanga ia miriona (ppm), aroturuki i te teitei o te pūpū, ā, whakatikatika. He mea nui ngā whakamātautau hototahi—kia kore ai e pokanoa ki ngā emulsion, ki ngā pūhui whakakotahi paru rānei i roto i ngā wai para.

Ka whakapūmau ngā kōrero tūturu i tēnei kaupapa. I tētahi whare waina i California i tohutohu ai au, i pupuhi rawa te whakamāota waina, ā, i whakapōrearea te hua. Nā tētahi ranunga motuhake i hangaia ki te wai, me ngā ester momona, i whakamutu i te pupuhi, i tiaki i ngā kakara, ā, i tutuki hoki i ā rātou whāinga toitū. I roto i te rāngai rongoā, ka whakamahia ēnei i roto i ngā pūhanga hei pupuri i ngā ahuwhenua kia pupuhi tika, kia kore ai e pāngia e te parahanga. Ahakoa i roto i ngā kaihoroi kāinga, ka ārai ēnei i te nui rawa o te wai e pupuhi ana i ngā mīhini horoi kākahu.

Ki te anga whakamua, kei te korikori te rāngai i ngā auahatanga. Kei te puta ake ngā ārai-pūpū i ahu mai i ngā koiora, pērā i ngā rauropi me ngā huakita, e whakatairanga ana i te kaha ki te koroheketanga tae atu ki te 100%. Mā te whakaurunga hangarau nano ka taea pea te whakamahi i ngā rōrahi tino iti kia rite tonu te pānga, ā, ka whakaiti anō i ngā utu. I raro i te aro ki te āhuarangi, kei te whakawhanakehia ngā tikanga whakaputa waro-iti—whakaarohia ngā pūtake whakamāori hei whakakapi i ngā mea hanga-tūturu. Ki taku whakaaro, i te pikinga haere o te ngoikore o te wai, ka tino hira ēnei tikanga mō ngā porowhita whakahou i roto i te ahumahi.

Hei whakakapi, e whakaatu ana ngā matū whakakore pūpū wai e kore e hiahiatia ana kia whakaiti i tō kaha. Kua noho rātou hei taputapu matua i taku kete mahi, ā, ka huri i ngā pūpū hoariri hei take kua warewaretia. Mēnā kei te whawhai koe ki ngā pūpū i roto i ō mahi whakahaere, whakaarohia ēnei—tērā pea koinei tō painga taiao. Whakamātau noa; ka mihi mai te ao (me tō painga pūtea).